Harvard Business Review, May, 2011 Edition Download Free

Harvard Business Review, May, 2011 Edition Download Free

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Accounting as a Language of Business

Accounting: The Language of Business:

Accounting has been called the language of business. Throughout our early education we learned the vocabulary and other basic elements of the English language, or another language, so that we would be able to communicate effectively. The purpose is the same for accounting. Most of you will not become accountants. You may be self-employed or employed by others in a business (a manager, banker, or investor) and will use accounting information, whether you know it or not.

In order to understand and to use accounting information most effectively, you must have a solid grounding in its fundamentals. The finer points of accounting are things that you will probably never encounter in your business transactions, but you will know how to read those important financial statements and how to effectively use the material that will emanate from your computerized financial system.

Accounting information has been useful for hundreds of years. The double-entry framework was first described in a book written by Luca Pacioli, a fifteenth-century Italian monk and mathematician, although its origins can be traced back another 300 years. The formal structure for processing financial transactions is at least 700 years old.

Accounting as an Aid to Management

Accounting as an aid to management:

The main object of Accounting is to record financial transaction systematically in the books of accounts and to find out profit-loss and financial position of a business. Ascertainment of profit-loss and financial position, interpretation and analysis of accounts and statements, development of accounting system, collection of statistical and economic data, formulation of financial principles and financial planning and controlling result as per plan etc. are the main function of accounting. In the modern age accounting is directly related with financial management. The function of management are planning, organizing, collecting business elements, motivating, coordinating and budgeting etc.

Accounting helps the management in the following ways:

What is Accounting Information System? Who are the users of accounting information? How do they use it?

Accounting information: Accounting information as quantitative information about economic entities that are useful for making economic decisions in determining the choices between the alternatives of action. The use of accounting information for strategic planning, management control and operational supervision. Information is essentially financial accounting and mainly used for the purpose of decision making, supervision and implementation of corporate decisions. For financial data can be put to good use by internal and external parties, then the data must be arranged in the appropriate forms. Accounting information is classified into three types: (a) information operations, (b) management accounting information, and (c) financial accounting information.

The different types of journal entries

Journal: An accounting record where all business transactions are originally entered. A journal details which transactions occurred and what accounts were affected. Journal entries are usually recorded in chronological order, and using the double-entry method of bookkeeping.

Internship Report on Prime Bank Ltd Foreign Exchange Mechanism

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Find here all the Internship Reports on different organizations, banks and MNCs in Bangladesh prepared by the students of BBA and MBA from different public and private Universities. You may also post your requests here. If you need a particular Internship report on a particular organization, you can post it as a request here in the comment section. We'll try our best to provide you the requested Internship Report.

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CFA-Chatered Financial Analyst Level 1, 2, 3 ebooks 2011

Download all the latest eBooks of CFA (Chatered Financial Analyst). All the Books of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 are available here. The Quick Sheet are also available...

Level 1(CFA L1 Schweser 2011 Book ):

Ethical and Professional Standards and Quantitative Analysis

Economics

Financial Reporting and Analysis

Corporate Finance, Portfolio Management, Equity Investments

Fixed Income, Derivatives, Alternative Investments

2011_Schweser_CFA_level-1_QuickSheet

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Ethical and Professional Standards, Alternative Methods and Economics

Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance

Equity Investment

Alternative Asset Valuation and Fixed Income

Derivatives and Portfolio Management

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Ethical and Professional Standards, Behavioral Finance, and Private Wealth Management

Institutional Investors, Capital Market Expectations, Economic Concepts, and Asset Allocation

Fixed Income Portfolio Management, Fixed Income Derivatives, and Equity Portfolio Management

Alternative Investments, Risk Management, and Derivatives

Execution, Monitoring, and Rebalancing; evaluation and attribution; and Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)

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Proper Management is the Heart of an Organization

As every gardener knows, plants are happy when they get the water they require, the same goes with management…..an organization functions effectively only if there is good management. Management is the dynamic life giving element in every organization. It is the activating force that gets things done through people. Without management an organization is merely a collection of men, machines, money and materials. In its absence the resources or production remain resources and never become production. The importance of management can be elaborated from the following points:

1. Meets challenges of changes
2. Achievement of goals
3. Optimum use of resources
4. Provides stability  Provides innovation
5. Provides coordination & establishes team spirit
6. Tackles business problems
7. Helps in personality development
8. Establishes sound industrial relations

According to George Terry, Ineffective management cuts at the very roots of an economy of an organization thus leading to disastrous consequences. This suggests the importance of efficient management in the case of business organizations

As Andrew Carnegie once remarked, “take away all our factories, our trade, our avenues of transportation and our money but leave me, our organization and in 4 years I will have re-established myself”. The essence of the above statement is that an organization is not the factories, trade, transportation, money or other physical resources. Instead, it is made up of the people or human resources that are linked together in a formal structure guided by management. There is no substitute for good management. Someone had said that “good management is the exercise of common sense”. The problem with this definition is that good sense is not as common as one might wish. From time to time, gadgets and short-cuts are offered to replace management practices. But at the best they only assist rather than replace good management. Management is an influencing process, i.e. it needs to influence the people within the organization to do the work as well as the people outside the organization to get the work done. An organization without management is like a body without its soul or a rose without its fragrance and color. Thus, to conclude an organization without an improper management cannot function effectively in good times but an organization with a good management can function effectively even in bad times.

Essentials of Report Writing: Application in Business

Essentials of Report Writing: Application in Business

Introduction

Organizations are becoming complex day by day. To survive in this modern age of globalization there is no alternative of an effective communication skill. Communication skill is one of the key managerial skills. As the business environment grows in its complexity, the importance of skillful communication becomes essential in the pursuit of organizational goals. Reports are one of the important forms of written communication frequently used in decision-making and in other organizational activities. In writing, a report is a document characterized by information or other content, consisted of inquiry or investigation, modified to the context of a given situation and audience. Reports are a highly structured form of writing often following conventions that have been laid down to produce a common format. The purpose of reports is usually to inform. However, reports may include persuasive elements, such as recommendations, suggestions, or other motivating conclusions that indicate possible future actions the report reader might take. Reports can be public or private, and often address questions posed by individuals in government, business, education, and science. Reports often take the structure of scientific investigation: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRD). They may also follow a problem-solution structure based on the audience's questions or concerns. As for format, reports range from a simpler format with headings to indicate topics, to more complex formats including charts, tables, figures, pictures, tables of contents, abstracts, summaries, appendices, footnotes, hyperlinks, and references. An effective report can lead an organization to the tip of success. On the other hand, an ineffective report can lead an organization to the darkness of failure. In every organization, whatever it is a business firm or a non profit making charitable trust, a government agency or a hospital, a university or a crime investigating organization, all of them constantly needs and uses different types of reports everyday. In general, in an organization, the superiors ask the subordinates to write reports for different purposes. The task of report writing is often assigned on the executives. Therefore, to know the essential qualities of a good report, the process, the methodology and the purpose of report writing is very important for executives as well as the students of Business Administration because the students of this discipline are considered as the future executives.

Basic Econometrics by Damodar Gujarati (Author) and Dawn Porter (Author)

Gujarati: Basic Econometrics, Fourth Edition

Part I – Single-Equation Regression Models
1. The Nature of Regression Analysis
2. Two-Variable Regression Analysis: Some Basic Ideas
3. Two Variable Regression Model: The Problem of Estimation
4. Classical Normal Linear Regression Model (CNLRM)
5. Two-Variable Regression: Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing
6. Extensions of the Two-Variable Linear Regression Model
7. Multiple Regression Analysis: The Problem of Estimation
8. Multiple Regression Analysis: The Problem of Inference
9. Dummy Variable Regression Models

Part 2: Relaxing Assumptions of the Classical Model
10. Multicollinearity: What Happens if the Regressions are Correlated?
11. Heteroscedasticity: What Happens if the Error Variance is Nonconstant?
12. Autocorrelation: What Happens if the Error Terms are Correlated?
13. Econometric Modeling I: Model Specification and Diagnostic Testing?

Part 3: Topics in Econometrics
14. Nonlinear Regression Models
15. Qualitative Response Regression Models
16. Panel Data Regression Models
17. Dynamic Econometric Model: Autoregressive and Distributed Lag Models

Part 4: Simultaneous Equation Models
18. Simultaneous-Equation Models
19. The Identification Problem
20. Simultaneous-Equation Methods

Part 5: Time Series Econometrics
21. Time Series Econometrics: Some Basic Concepts
22. Time Series Econometrics: Forecasting


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